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Gymnastic Nomenclature 



Young Men's Christian Associations of 
North America 



Fourth Edition 



Revised and Edited by the Nomenclature Committee of the PhysictJ 
Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Association 



New York 

Young Men's Christian Association Press 

Nineteen Hundred Eight 






"[^RARY ot CONGRisS 
j Two Copies Received 

DEC 3 I90a 

f^iftSS OU 50CC, Ho. 



Copyright. 1908, by 

The International Committee of 

Young Men's Christian Associations 



Note to First Edition 

The following terms and definitions are substantially 
as recommended by the Conference of Physical Direc- 
tors in 1892 and 1893. Some additions, a few changes 
recommended by the Conference of 1894, and some 
necessary corrections have been made by Geo. W. 
Ehler. 

The Committee would urge upon every physical di- 
rector the necessity of the general use of this system 
of nomenclature in all local work as an indispensable 
means toward the unifying of the physical work of the 
Associations. 



Note to Second Edition 

The Physical Directors' Conferences of the East and 
"West revised this nomenclature and the Governing 
Committee has incorporated all suggestions which 
were adopted by both Conferences. 



Note to Third Edition 

The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's 
Christian Association of North America, during its 
session at Lakewood Conference in 1903, appointed 
the following committee to revise the gymnastic 



nomenclature : Henry F. Kallenberg, M. D., Chair- 
man, Chicago; William E. Day, Dayton, Ohio; 
George M. Martin, New Haven, Conn. 

The committee has considered in its work the pre- 
vious nomenclature, the results of the study of the 
individual members of the committee, the work of the 
committee appointed by the Thousand Island Park 
Conference of 1900, suggestions from prominent physi- 
cal directors, and the graduating theses on gymnastic 
nomenclature by W. E. Day- and R. F. Seymour, 
graduates, respectively, of the Chicago and Spring- 
field Training Schools. 

It has been deemed unnecessary as well as impossi- 
ble to put in print every possible movement, but the 
committee has endeavored to incorporate fundamental 
principles which should form a basis and guide for 
the naming of most of the movements not covered by 
the text of Gymnastic Nomenclature. 

This scheme, as presented at the St. Louis Confer- 
ence of the Physical Directors' Society, was unani- 
mously adopted as the official nomenclature and is 
recommended to all associations for adoption. 

Note to Fourth Edition 

At the Niagara Conference of 1905 the Committee 
on Nomenclature presented a nomenclature for Indian 
clubs which was adopted. At the Indianapolis Con- 
ference of 1906 the nomenclature for mat work and 



tumbling was adopted. At the Washington Confer- 
ence of 1907 the committee's recommendation, that 
the nomenclature for indian clubs, mat work and 
tumbling be incorporated in the next edition of the 
gymnastic nomenclature and that the entire book be 
illustrated, was adopted. 

The committee is indebted to Mr. A. B. Wegener 
for the splendid and accurate drawings. Some valu- 
able additions have been made to the text, but no 
radical changes from the third edition have been 
made. 

Committee on Nomenclature. 

Heney F. Kallenberg, M. D., 

Chairman and Editor. 

Albert B. Wegener, 
William J. Davison, 
Elmer Berry, 
William E. Day, 
William Y. Reithard. 



CONTENTS 



A. CALISTHENICS 

General Terms : page 

Calisthenics Defined 1 

Body, Divisions of 31 

Axes 1 

Planes 2 

General Movements 'A 

Directions : 

Circles 3 

Other Movements 4: 

Positions : 

Trunk and Loiver Extremities & 

Upper Extremities 15' 

Movements : 

Trunk 17 

Head 21 

Upper Extremities 23 

Lower Extremities 27 .. 

Commands 34: 

B. EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 

Definition 39 

General Terms 39 

Positions : 

General Position Described 41 

Grasps 43 

Scats 47 

Rests 51 

. Hangs 57 

vii 



VI 11 

Miscellaneous: page 

Balances (55 

Lever 67 

Movements : 

Swings 69 

Circles 85 

Vaults yy 

Miscellaneous: 

Approach and Retreat. 107 

Mounts 1U7 

Dismounts Ill 

Traveling 113 

Vault Swing 113 

Dive 113 

Pike Jump 113 

Cut-off 114 

C. MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 

MAT WORK 

General Terms 115 

Directions (See Other Movements) 4 

Movements 115 

Jump, Hop, Leap and Step 115 

Frog Jump 116 

Hand and Foot Travel 116 

Leap Frog IIT 

tumbling 

General Terms 117 

Directions (See Circles) 3 

Movements — Individual : 

Body Circles . 118 

Upstarts 1-1 

Balance 1^^ 



iz 

Movements — Dotjble : page 

Vaults 123 

Body Circles 127 

Balance 137 

Movements — Miscellaneous : 

Cart Wheel 139 

Back Rolls 139 

Toss Bettoeen the Legs 140 

Head Throio 141 

Toss Over Head 142 



D. INDIAN CLUBS 

Note , 143 

General Terms 143 

Positions 144 

Directions 145 

Circles 145 

Swings 154 

Abbreviations 157 

APPENDIX 159 



A. CALISTHENICS 

I. GENERAL TERMS. 

1. Calisthenics comprise all exercises with movable 

hand apparatus as dumb-bells, wands, Indian 
clubs, etc., and all exercises without such ap- 
paratus except marching, maze running and 
gymnastic dancing. 

2. The Body is divided for convenience as follows : 

(1) Trunk. 

(2) Head. 

(3) Upper extremities: 

a. Arm (shoulder to elbow), 

b. Forearm (elbow to wrist). 

c. Hand (wrist to fingers). 

d. Fingers. 

(4) Lower extremities: 

a. Thigh (hip to knee). 
5. Leg (knee to ankle), 
c. Foot. 

3. Axes. The three axes considered are (see figures 

A and B appendix). 

(1) The Vertical Axis corresponds to the 
spinal column, in whatever position. 



2 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

(2) The Horizontal Axis corresponds with or 
is parallel to a line drawn through the shoulders 
at right angles to the vertical axis. 

(3) The Ant ero -Posterior Axis corresponds 
with or is parallel to a line drawn from front to 
back at right angles to the vertical and horizon- 
tal axis. 

4. Planes. The three planes considered are (see 

figures A and B appendix). 

(1) The Lateral Plane containing the vertical 
and horizontal axes. 

(2) The Antero-Posterior Plane containing 
the vertical and antero-posterior axes. 

(3) The Horizontal Plane containing the 
antero-posterior and the horizontal axes. 

5. General Movements. 

(1) Abduction. A movement of any member 
away from the median line of the antero-posterior 
plane; or, in case of the fingers, away from the 
median line of the hand. 

(2) Adduction. A movement of any member 
toward or across the median line of the antero- 
posterior plane. 

(3) Circumduction. A movement of the 
trunk or any extremity in which the part farthest 



CALISTHENICS 3 

from the center of motion describes a circle, the 
member itself, up to the center of motion, describ- 
ing a cone. The term circle is used interchange- 
ably with circumduction in movements of the 
limbs. 

(4) Flexion. The term flexion is applied only 
to the extremities and in gymnastic use means 
the moving of a whole or part of an extremity, ex- 
cept the head, in the direction in which it can be 
most closely approximated. 

a. Full. The member is flexed to its 
fullest extent. 

h. Half. The member is flexed 90° ap- 
proximately, depending upon the part in- 
volved. 

(5) Bend. The term hend is used to desig- 
nate motion in a joint. 

(6) Rotation. Rotation is the turning of the 
trunk or any of the extremities upon its long axis. 
( Syn. — tortion, twisting. ) 

(7) Extension. The reverse of flexion. 

II. DIRECTIONS. 

1. Circles. The direction for all circles whether of 
the trunk or extremities is determined by the 
axis about and the plane in which the move- 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

ment is executed in relation to the position of 
the individual to a clock placed : 

(1) On the floor and facing upward. In this 
case circles in the direction of the motion of the 
clock hands are right. Left circles are in the 
opposite direction. 

(2) In front of and facing the individual. 
Direction of circles same as in (1). 

(3) At the left side of and facing the indi- 
vidual. In this case circles in the direction of the 
motion of the clock hands are front or forward. 
Back or hackivard circles are in the opposite di- 
rection. (See figures D, E and F appendix). 

2. Of Other Movements. The direction of all other 
movements, such as lowering of the trunk, arm 
swings, charges, toe touches (see pages 9 and 
25), are determined by the relation of the indi- 
vidual in the center of a circle to the points of 
a compass. (See figure C appendix). 

(1) Forivard. The direction in which the in- 
dividual is facing. 

(2) Backtvard. The opposite of forward. 

(3) Bight. Toward the right. 

(4) Left. Toward the left. 

(5) Oblique. Midway between the four 
points of the compass as indicated. 

Is^OTE All exercises, unless otherwise directed, should be done to 

the left first, and when the limbs perform separate movements the 
first named shall be done to the left. 



CALISTHENICS 



III. POSITIONS. 



1. Of Trunk and Lower Extremities. 

(1) Attention. The position of attention is 
with heels together, arms down and at the sides, 
chin in, chest forward and hips slightly back; 
i. e., in line with heels and shoulder. Fig. Al. 

a. The position of attention in dumh-hell 
and also free-hand movements is the same 
as in (1). Fig. A2. 

h. The position of attention for ivand or 
har-hell exercises is with arms down, bar 
across the thighs, hands grasping the wand 
with palms toward body and dividing the 
wand or bar-bell into thirds. Fig. A3. 

c. The position of attention in Indian 
cluh exercises is with the hands holding the 
club and down at the side. Fig. A4. 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 







.■/-'■^\i 



; , \ 



4l J 



^.1^ 



\V--::j W 



/^^ \ ill/ ^^.-^ 7^N \ r^ // 



r-^A/oj 



T«j CLii 



CALISTHENICS 9 

(7) Toe-Touch. One foot is advanced in the 
direction indicated, foot extended, toes touching 
the floor; other foot in place and supporting en- 
tire weight of body. Fig. A9 (a, h, c, d and e). 

(8) Charge. One foot is advanced two foot 
lengths from heel to heel in the direction indi- 
cated, knee bent and directly over the instep. 
Most of the weight is on this foot. The other foot 
is kept in place with the knee straight. Both 
heels are on the floor, body erect on the hips and 
facing forward. Fig. AlO. 

(9) Lunge. This is as in charge, except that 
the moving foot is advanced as far as possible. 
Fig. All. 




(10) Cross-Charge, Toe-Touch or Lunge. A 
movement of either leg in manner indicated, to 
the oblique or rear oblique of opposite side. Fig. 
A12. 

Note.— The direction of a toe-touch, charge or luncje may be as illus- 
trated in figure c, appendix. 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




CALISTHENICS 9 

(7) Toe-Touch. One foot is advanced in the 
direction indicated, foot extended, toes touching 
the floor ; other foot in place and supporting en- 
tire weight of body. Fig. A9 (a, 1j, c, d and e). 

(8) Charge. One foot is advanced two foot 
lengths from heel to heel in the direction indi- 
cated, knee bent and directly over the instep. 
Most of the weight is on this foot. The other foot 
is kept in place with the knee straight. Both 
heels are on the floor, body erect on the hips and 
facing forward. Fig. AlO. 

(9) Lunge. This is as in charge, except that 
the moving foot is advanced as far as possible. 
Fig. All. 




(10) Cross-Charge, Toe-Touch or Lunge. A 
movement of either leg in manner indicated, to 
the oblique or rear oblique of opposite side. Fig. 
A12. 

Note.— The direction of a toe-touch, clianje or hmge may be as illus- 
trated in figure c, appendix. 



10 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




T/f^a /6 



CALISTHENICS 1 1 

(11) Leaning Best. The body is supported 
by the hands and knees or feet. 

a. Front. The body is facing down- 
ward and supported by the hands and feet, 
thighs extended. When the forearms are 
flexed it is called l)ent arm leaning rest. 
Fig. A13. 

&. Back. The body is facing upward 
and is supported on the hands and feet, 
thighs and legs extended. This rest may 
be with the legs flexed or with the thighs 
and legs flexed. Fig. A14. 

c. Side. Side of body toward the floor. 
The body may be supported on one or both 
hands or on one or both feet — one unless 
otherwise indicated. Fig. A15. 

d. Knee. Body facing downward and 
supported by the hands and knees. Fig. 
A16. 



n 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




^■^aiT 




^'f CL IS 



CALISTHENICS 13 

(12) Knee Bend. A position arrived at by- 
lowering the body, thighs and legs flexed to their 
fullest extent, body erect on hips, knees outward, 
heels raised. This position is called a full knee 
bend. Fig. A17. 

(13) Half Knee Bend. Body is lowered half 
the distance, heels remaining on the floor. Fig. 
A18. 

(14) Knee Bend-Rest. With hands resting 
on floor, body slightly inclined forward, arms 
between knees. Fig. A19. 




77f . ^ /«? 



14 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




f/^,a a 3 



a 3v 



CALISTHENICS 15 

2. Of Upper Extremities. 

(1) Horizontal. Arms on a level with the 
shoulders, in any direction in the horizontal plane, 
as front, front oblique, side, rear oblique; fore- 
arm, hand and fingers extended. Position of 
palms at front or front oblique toward each 
other; at the side palms down. Fig. A20 {a and h). 

(2) Vertical. Arms, forearms, hands and 
fingers extended upward with palms inward, un- 
less otherwise directed. Fig. A21. 

(3) Head Clasp. Hands clasped high on back 
of head; elbows back as far as possible, chin in. 
Fig. A22. 

(4) Neck Clasp. Hands clasped on back of 
neck, elbows back as far as possible, chin in. Fig. 
A23. 

(5) Hip Clasp. The hands clasp the waist 
immediately above the hips. The fingers are held 
together in front and the thumbs are behind ; the 
palms of the hands rest fully upon the hips and 
the elbows are drawn slightly backward. Fig. 
A24. 



16 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




CALISTHENICS 17 

IV. MOVEMENTS. 



1. Of Trunk. 



(1) Turns. Used in reference to rotations 
above the vertical axis. 

a. Right. In the direction in which the 
hands of a clock move, the clock regarded as 
on the floor, face up. (If the body is 
brought into a position in which the head 
is downward the clock shall still be regarded 
as upon the floor.) Turns may be desig- 
nated by fractions, as quarter, half, three- 
quarter, full or complete. Quarter right 
turn is equivalent to right face of military 
drill, Fig. A25 a-b, half right turn to about 
face. 

b. Left. The reverse of right. Fig, 
A25 a-c is left about face. 



18 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

(2) Circles. Eolations about horizontal or 
antero-posterior axes. 

a. Circles about the horizontal axis in 
the antero-posterior plane. Those are 
named with reference to a clock placed at 
the left side, facing the body. Circles in 
the direction of the motion of the clock 
hands are front or forward circles. When 
executed on the floor as a movement of 
progression, or correspondingly on appara- 
tus (as the parallel bars), these are called 
forward rolls. Backward circles or rolls are 
in the opposite direction. Somersaults are 
forward or backward circles, but are made 
in the air without support. 

&. Circles about the antero-posterior axis 
and in the lateral plane are named from the 
motion of the clock hands placed in front of 
and facing the body. Eight circles, with 
the hands of the clock; left, against the 
hands of the clock. 



CALISTHENICS 



19 



(3) Bending (Lowering). With the hips or 
waist as the center of motion. Direction named 
as for charge, but always with reference to 
position of trunk. 

a. Forward, b. Side. c. Backward. 

Fig. A26 (a, b and c). 

Example — If trunk is rotated to the right, a 
forward bend will be in the direction in which 
the individual is facing. Fig. A27'-a illustrates 
"forward bend (lower) and rotate with arms at 
side horizontal." Fig. A27'-& illustrates "rotate 
and forward bend (lower), swinging arms from 
head to floor." 




::fr,-. CJ. a6 



20 



G YMNA STIC N OMEN C LA T URE 



,9. O. 4 ^ 




CALISTHENICS 



21 



(4) Rotation. About the spinal column as an 
axis, feet remaining stationary, hips firm. Direc- 
tion, right or left, as for turns. Fig. A27'-a (for- 
ward bend (lower) and rotation). Fig. A2T-h 
(rotation and forward bend (lower). A27" 
(simple rotation). 

(5) Circumduction. About the lumbar verte- 
brae as a center. Direction right or left as for 
turns. Fig. A28. 




Fig. A 28 



2. Of the Head. 



(1) Loivering, Fig. A29 a-l-c. (2) Rotation, 
Fig. A29-d. (3) Circumduction, Fig. A29-e. (4) 
Projection and Retraction, Fig. A29-f-g. (Chin is 
kept at same level throvighout.) 

0. b C d e ^ f 




22 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




T.^.a.3) TifCj^ 



T.^CLir Tif.dib 



CALISTHENICS 23 

3. Op Upper Extremities. 

(1) Arm Circles. 

a. Forward and Backward. Front and 
back about horizontal axis in antero-pos- 
terior plane, clock as in similar body 
circles. Fig. A30 left drawing. 

&. Bight and Left. About antero-pos- 
terior axis in lateral plane, clock as in simi- 
lar body circles. Fig. A31 right drawing. 

(2) Rotation. About the long axis of the 
part involved. The whole limb (Fig. A32 a,l>), 
or the forearm alone, may be rotated. Fig. A32 
{a, c). 

(3) Flexion. Bending at elbow, 
wrist or finger joints, that is, forearm, 
hand or finger flexion. 

a. Arms down. Forearms may 
be flexed forward or sideward. 
Fig. A33. 

&. Arms at side horizontal. 

Forearms may be flexed forward, 

Fig. A 32 downward or upward. Fig. A34. 

c. Arms at front horizontal. Forearms 
may be flexed inward (right to left and vice 
versa) or upward. Fig. A35. 

d. Arms at vertical. Forearms may be 
flexed backward or inward. Fig. A36. 




24 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



F^sCi^7 



F'sd 





T>3 CI 39 



~-^^:S^ 



--> 



r,p. 0. fx. 



CALISTHENICS 25 

e. Hands. Fig. A37. 
/. Fingers. Fig. A38. 

(4) Arm Swings. Movements of whole limb 
from shoulder, through fraction of a circle. 

a. Upward. 

(a) Forward. From position of 
attention to front horizontal. 

(5) Fore-upward. From position of 
attention to vertical or from first hori- 
zontal to vertical. Fig. A39. 

(c) Sideward. From position of 
attention to side horizontal. 

(d) Side-upward. From position of 
attention to vertical or from side hori- 
zontal to vertical. Fig. A40. 

1). Downward. 

(a) Fore-downward. Reverse of 
upward. 

(6) Side-downward. Reverse of 
upward. 

c. Backivard. 

(a) From position of attention move 
the arms backward. Fig. A41. 

(&) From front horizontal move the 
arms backward to side horizontal or be- 
yond. Fig. A42. 



26 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




CALISTHENICS 27 

d. Front. From side horizontal to 
front horizontal or beyond to a cross posi- 
tion. Fig. A43 (a and h). 

(5) Shoulder Rotation. Rotary movement of 
the scapulae, arms may be in any position. Fig. 
A44. 

(6) Arm Circumduction {SiVva. c\rc^.Q,B). From 
the shoulder as a center, about either axis, de- 
scribing circles of any diameter indicated. Fig. 
A45. 

(7) Thrust. From a position in which the 
forearms are flexed, the arms are extended* 
the hands moving in a straight line in the direc- 
tion indicated. Fig. A46. 

4. Of Lower Extremities. 

(1) Charge. Movement to position described 
in III, 1 (8) page 9. The foot is raised but 
slightly from the floor, the bending at thigh and 
knee being continuous from the start, so that 
thigh and leg are almost in final position when 
foot strikes the floor.- Trunk is kept erect 
throughout. Fig. AlO. 



28 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 





F/o a v«p 




F'/'o. Ci S'o 



CALISTHENICS 29 

(2) Lunge. Movement to position as de- 
scribed III, 1 (9). Fig. All, page 9. 

(3) Knee Bend. Movement to position as de- 
scribed in III, 1 (12). Fig. A17, page 12. 

(4) Thigh Flexion. Raise thigh forward, leg 
and foot extended. Fig. A47. 

(5) Thigh Extension. Thigh extended back- 
ward as far as possible, leg and foot extended. 
Fig. A48. 

(6) Thigh Abduction. ]\Ioving the thigh from 
the median line to its own side. To be done with- 
out altering position of pelvis. Fig. A49. 

(7) Thigh Adduction. Moving the thigh from 
an abducted position toward the median line, 
also across the median line from its own side. 
Fig. A50. 



30 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



FiS-a s-3 



F's. O, s-s. 




F/g Q. rs- F/gd,^^ 



CALISTHENICS 31 

(8) Thigh Rotation. About the femur as an 
axis. Fig. A51. 

(9) Thigh Circumduction (leg circles). A 
circumduction of thigh from the hip as a center. 
May be started from flexed, abducted or extended 
positions. Direction right or left, as for body 
circles. Fig. A52. 

(10) Leg Flexion. Leg flexed upon the thigh 
which remains fixed. Fig. A53. 

(11) Leg Rotation. About its own axis. Pos- 
sible only when the leg is flexed. Fig. A54. 

(12) Foot Extension. Straightening foot 
into line with leg, or when feet are on the floor 
raising heels. Fig. A55. 

(13) Foot Flexion. Reverse of foot exten- 
sion. Fig. A56. 



32 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



^'f 




rS' 




a, bo 




CALISTHENICS 



33 




(14) Jumps. Springing from both feet: 
a. Broad. Gaining ground in any direc- 
tion indicated. Fig. A57 (a, h, c and d). 

b. Upward. Spring- 
ing straight up with- 
out gaining ground. 
May be accompanied 
with varied movements 
of limbs, turns, etc. 
Fig. A58. 

c. Stride. Spring to 
Stride-Stand and re- 
turn to starting posi- 
tion, both thighs mov- 
ing simultaneously. 
Fig. A59. 

d. Walk. Spring to Walk-Stand and re- 
turn to starting position, both thighs mov- 
ing simultaneously, also continuous alterna- 
tion of feet in walk-stand. Fig. AGO. 

(15) Hop. A spring starting from one foot 
and landing on the same foot. 

Broad and Upward as for jumps. Fig. 
A61. 

(16) Buns. Rapid alternation of movement 
of both limbs. One foot leaves floor before other 
is replaced. 

Stationary Bun. Running movement 
without gaining ground. May be with 
flexions of leg only, of thigh only, or of 
thigh and leg. 



34 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

V. COMMANDS. 

Names have been given to positions. 

Commands are given either to show how to arrive 
at a position or to indicate when an exercise is to be 
executed. There are two parts to each command, viz, : 

I. Preparatory Command, indicating the move- 
ment and how it is to be executed. 

II. Command of Execution, indicating the time 
when the movement is to be executed. 

Commands for Calisthenics may be further divided 
into those where the work is to be done in "series," 
and those where the work is to be done by "com- 
mands. ' ' 

(a) In Series. Where one command is sufficient 
for the execution of several movements with only a 
momentary pause between each movement. 

The "Preparatory" command in movements done 
in "series" consists: (1) Of the anatomical name of 
the part to be moved; and (2) of the movement. Sinc<^ 
this is continuous and done in the present time, the 
second part of the command should be in the form of 
the present participle. The command of "execution" 
should be a sharp, firm word, upon which emphasis 
can be placed as follows : 

Arms flexing! Begin! or Start! Trunk forward 
lowering. Begin! or Start! 



CALISTHENICS 35 

(h) By Command. Where each distinct move- 
ment is performed only on command of execution with 
a definite stop after each movement. 

In movements done by ''command'^ the prepara- 
tory command names the anatomical part to be moved 
and the command of execution tells how to move it. 
Since this is only one movement the command of 
execution takes the form of the verb, as follows : 

Arms — Flex! Trunk forward — Lower! 

In view of the fact that few men are familiar with 
anatomical terms, it is frequently desirable to use, for 
commands, common terms such as most men are famil- 
iar with, as 

By Command. 

1 Head forward, sideward or backward — 
Lower ! — Raise ! 

2 Trunk forward, sideward or backward — 
Lower ! — Raise ! 

3 Arms fore or side-upward (to vertical)— 
Raise ! — Lower ! 

4 Arms forward or sideward (to horizontal) — 
Raise I — Lower ! 

5 Arms backward — Raise ! — Lower ! 

6 Leg forward (thigh flexion), sideward 
(thigh abduction) or backward (thigh exten- 
sion), left or right — Raise! — Lower! 



36 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

7 Knee forward (thigh and leg flexion) — 
Eaise ! — Lower ! 

8 Heels backward (leg flexion) — Raise! — 
Lower ! 

9 On toes — Rise! — Sink! 

10 On heels— Rise !— Sink ! 

11 Head or Trunk, left or right — Turn! — 
Re-turn ! 

12 Foot forward, backward, sideward or left 
and right — Place ! — Replace ! 

13 Left foot, charge or lunge forward, side- 
ward or backward — Charge or Lunge ! — Return ! 

14 Knees — Bend ! — Straighten. 

In Series. 

1 Arms fore or side-upward raising (to ver- 
tical) — Begin! or Start! 

2 Arms forward or sideward raising (to front 
or side horizontal). 

3 Arms backward raising. 

To bring the exercises to a close the commanc 
is Hold ! or Halt ! 

Note. — For the arm-sideward-movement, when only one arm Is 
moved, the following commands may be used : 

Left arm left raising. Left arm left-upward rais- 
ing. Left arm right raising, etc. 

4 Arms obliquely forward or sideward raising. 

5 Arms obliquely fore or side-upward raising. 



CALISTHENICS 37 

No difficulty ought to be experienced in making out 
commands for movements not mentioned in this sec- 
tion. 

The commands Position or Place ! may be used as 
commands of execution for assuming positions previ- 
ously described in the preparatory command as, 
Stoop stand — Position ! Stride stand, hands on hips 
— Position ! Hands on hips — Place ! 

The command "attention" always brings one to the 
positions thus described on page 5. 

In general, to get back to the fundamental position 
after a command has been executed, the second com- 
mand should be the opposite of the first command, as 

Raise ! — Lower ! Bend ! — Straighten ! 

Place ! — Re-place ! Turn ! — Re-turn ! Rise — Sink ! 

"When the movement is to be repeated a number of 
times by ' ' command, " it is not necessary to repeat tlif 
preparatory command. The movements may be con- 
tinued by using the commands Raise! — Lower! etc.. 
or One! Two! being careful that the movements do 
not become so regular as is done in "series." 

It is possible with practice to proceed from one 
group of movements to another without stopping by 
giving a caution just before the finishing of the 
previous groups. Thus, when finishing the movement 
of arms — forward — raising, the leader may simply 
caution — sideward rising, and the class proceeds, 
without any stop, to execute the sideward raising. 



38 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



B. EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



Definition. Apparatus here refers to all gymnastic 
appliances except movable hand apparatus. Exercise 
on the apparatus refers to exercises in which the ap- 
paratus is the fixed point about which the individual 
moves: this may be called heavy apparatus work, but 
not necessarily heavy gymnastics. 



I. GENERAL TERMS. 

1. Terms for the positions and movements of the 

limbs and body as described under Calisthenics 
remain the same, those given under this section 
being additional and with special reference to 
exercises on apparatus. 

2. Axes. Each piece of apparatus is considered as 

having two axes : Long Axis, corresponding to 
the length of the apparatus; Short Axis, cor- 
responding to a line at right angles to the long 
axis and parallel to the floor. (See figure G 
appendix.) 



40 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

3. Parts op Apparatus. The location of parts of a 
piece of apparatus, except when given peculiar 
names, is with reference to the individual stand- 
ing beside the apparatus. 

(1) The near side of the horizontal bar (high 
or low), side horse and side buck, is the side of 
the approach; the opposite side being called the 
far side. 

(2) The end of the parallel bars, long hors0 
and long buck, toward the approach is the near 
end, the other end is the far end. 

(3) "When using the parallel bars from the 
side, the nearer bar is the near bar, the other is 
the far bar, and these terms remain constant as 
applied from the starting position, whatever 
change in position may be made during the 
exercise. 

(4) The parallel bars are also designated 
right and left in all cross positions, corresponding 
to the sides of the body, and are always desig- 
nated with reference to the individual's position 
at the time, whatever the turn in the exercise. 

(5) In a side position between the bars, the 
bar in front is called the front bar, the other the 
hack bar, and these are always designated with 
reference to the position of the individual at the 
time. 

(6) When the horse is placed for exercises 
from the side, the near side is the side of ap- 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 4f 

proacli and the opposite is the far side. The raised 
handles are the pommels and are designated as 
left or neck pommel and right or croup pommel; 
the space between them is the saddle; the space 
between the left pommel and the left end is the 
neck; the space between the right pommel and 
the right end is the croup. "When the horse is 
used lengthwise, the sides from the approach are 
designated riglit and left. The near end is the 
croup and the far end is the neck. 

(7) The parts of a ladder are rails (the long 
pieces) and the rounds. The naming of the rails 
is as for the parallel bars. 

II. POSITIONS. 

1. General Positions on Apparatus are determined 
with reference to the relation of the horizontal 
axis of the body to the long axis of the appa- 
ratus. 

(1) Side Positions. "With the horizontal axis 
of the body parallel to the long axis of the ap- 
paratus. (Fig. G, appendix.) 

(2) Cross Positions. With the horizontal axis 
of the body at right angles to the long axis of the 
apparatus. (Fig. G, appendix.) 

(3) Front. Denotes that the face or front of 
the body is toward the apparatus. 

(I) Back. Denotes that the face or front of 
the body is turned from the apparatus. 



42 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F.^2, 




Hg.pj 



'M r.gSs 






I i F7g.^^ 





F<gS^ 





f^g 3(> 



F 




yig.li 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 43 

(5) Prone. A position in which the body is 
lying full length on the apparatus face down. 

(6) Supine. The opposite of prone. 

2. Grasps. 

(1) In Side Hang Position. (See Hangs, 
pages 57-59.) 

a. Ordinary. With the thumbs turned 
toward each other and grasping the bar 
on opposite side from the fingers (hands 
pronated). Fig. Bl. 

&. Reverse. The opposite of ordinary 
(hands supinated). Fig. B2. 

c. Combined. With one hand in ordi- 
nary, the other in reverse grasp. Fig. B3. 

d. Hook. The same as ordinary grasp 
but with the thumbs grasping the bar on the 
same side as the fingers. Fig. B4. 

e. Reverse Hook. The reverse of ordi- 
nary hook grasp. Fig. B5. 

/. Combined Hook. With one hand in 
ordinary hook grasp, the other in reverse 
hook grasp. Fig. B6. 

g. Wide. With the hands wide apart 
and may be with any of the above grasps. 
Fig. B7. 

Note. — In all positions on apparatus where the contrary Is not 
indicated, or is not required by the character of the position, the 
body should be as upright as possible, the thighs, legs and feet 
extended and together. 



44 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 





F,oBs ^•BB'i 




FtgB'a Bn , F.^Biz. 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 45 

h. Close. With the hands together and 
may be with ordinary, hook, combined, etc., 
grasp. Fig. B8. 

i. Cross. With the hands crossed and 
may be with ordinary, hook, combined, etc.. 
grasp. Fig. B9. 

(2) In Cross Hang Position. (See Hangs, 
page 63.) 

a. Ordinary. With palms turned toward 
each other. Fig. BIO. 

b. Reverse. With palms turned out- 
ward. Fig. Bll. 

c. Combined. With one hand in re- 
verse, the other ordinary grasp. Fig. B12. 

(3) 7w Best Position. (See Rests, pages 51-57.) 

a. Front and Back Best. 



46 




GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 
(a) On Side Horse. 




Ordinary. With 
toward each other. 



palms 
Fig. 



(1) 
turned 
B13. 

(2) Reverse. The opposite of 
ordinary grasp. Fig. B14. 

(3) Combined. "With one 
hand in reverse and one in ordi- 
nary grasp. Fig. B15. 




Bit. 



Bn 



(&) 071 Horizontal Bar. 

(1) Ordinary. The same as 
for ordinary grasp in the side 
hang position. Fig. B16. 

(2) Reverse. The opposite of 
ordinary grasp in the side hang 
position. Fig. B17. 

(3) Combined. The same as 
for combined grasp in the side 
hang position. Fig. B18. 



(c) On Parallel Bars. 



Grasp 



(1) Cross position. 
same as for side horse. 
^ (2) Side position. Grasp 

°" same as for horizontal bar. 

Note. — Figs. B13-B18 show a front view. 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



A7 



Seats. Positions in which the weight of the body 
is supported mainly or altogether by the thighs 
or buttocks, with or without the hands grasp- 
ing. 

(1) Cross Biding. A cross position, astride 
the apparatus, weight resting on the inner sides 
of the thighs. On the parallel bars this seat may 
be across either or both bars, but is always under- 
stood as on both if not otherwise indicated. Fig. 
B19 (a, I and c). 




GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




Fis-Bio 





fiQ. B ^1 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 49 

(2) Side Riding. A side position, astride the 
apparatus, weight supported on the front of one 
thigh and the back of the other. On the parallel 
bars, unless otherwise indicated, this seat is on 
both bars. Fig. B20 {a, h and c). 

a. Left Side Riding Seat. When the left 
thigh is forward. 

&. Right Side Riding Seat. "When the 
right thigh is forward. 

(3) Side. A side position, both thighs on the 
same side of the apparatus and slightly flexed, 
weight supported by back of thighs and both but- 
tocks. Fig. B21 (a and &). 

(4) Cross. A cross position, both thighs on 
the same side of the apparatus and slightly 
flexed, weight supported on one thigh and both 
buttocks. 

This seat may be assumed also by flexing the 
supporting thigh and leg, the other thigh and leg 
extended. 



50 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,s B z3 



/?g.\sv 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 51 

On Parallel Bars. 

(1) Outside. Both thighs to the outside 
of one bar. Fig! B22 (a and &). 

(2) Inside. Both thighs to the inside of 
one bar, i. e., between the bars. Fig. 
B22 (c). 

4. Rests. Positions in which the weight is supported 
wholly or mainly by the hands, the elbows 
above the point of support, the center of grav- 
ity below the shoulders. 

(1) Front. A side position arms straight, 
body supported by hands and front of thighs, 
face toward apparatus. Fig. B23 (a and &). 

(2) Back. As in front rest, but with back of 
thighs supporting and face away from apparatus. 
Fig. B24 {a and 6). 



52 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F'S B37 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



53 



(3) Riding. May be side or cross position as 
indicated, with the legs astride the apparatus, 
thighs touching but not supporting, as : 

a. Cross Riding Rest. Fig. B25 {a, 
h and c). 

h. Side Riding Rest. Fig. B26 (a and 
6). 

(4) Free. Either of the preceding, with the 
thighs not touching the apparatus. A free, front 
or back rest can be held only momentarily. Fig. 
B27 {a, h and c.) 

(5) Horizontal Free. A free front or cross 
rest in which the body is held momentarily in a 
horizontal position. Fig. B28. 

(6) Cross. A cross position used only on the 
parallel bars, one hand on each bar. Fig. B29. 





F,gBzi 



54 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




Fig B 30 



F'g Bii 



F,g B 3Z 




F/g. B 33 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



55 



(7) Bent Arm. Any rest in which the arms 
are flexed to their fullest extent, as: 

a. Front. Fig. B30. 
' h. Back. Fig. B31. 
c. Cross. Fig. B32. 

(8) Forearm. A rest with the weight of the 
body supported on the forearms. Fig. B33. 

(9) Astride One Arm. With the thighs 
flexed, one between, the other outside, the arms. 
Fig. B34. 

(10) K7iee Bend. A full knee bend position, 
hands grasping the apparatus. Fig. B35 {a, b 
and c). 




FigJBs^ 



56 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,j Bis 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



57 



(11) Leaning. (See Calisthenics, page 11.) 
May be in either a cross or side position, as : 

a. Front. Fig. B36 (a and &). 

I. Back. Fig. B37 (a and &). 

c. Side. Fig. B38. 

d. Knee. Fig. B39. 




Note. — Rest, when without qualifications, means front rest on 
horse and horizontal bar ; cross rest on parallel bars, except in side 
parallel bar exercises, when it means front rest. 



5. Hangs. Positions dependent upon a flexion of a 
part of the supporting extremity and may be 
either a side or cross position, the center of 
gravity below the point of support. 



58 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




\F7sBvr 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 59 

(1) Side. A hang in side position with the 
grasp as indicated. See Figs. B7, B8 and B9, 
pages 42 and 44. 

a. Ordinary. With the ordinary grasp, 

arms straight and not crossed. Fig. B85-a. 

5. Cross Arm. Same as ordinary, but 

with the arms crossed. See Fig. B9, page 44. 

c. Bent Arm. Any hang with the arms 
flexed. Fig. B40. 

d. Front. A hang reached by flexing 
the thighs, feet to the bar. Fig. B41. 

e. Front with Head Down. The front 
haiig with the body and lower limbs ex- 
tended upward. Fig. B42. 

/. Back. The hang reached by passing 
the lower limbs and body between the arms 
under the apparatus and turning over as 
far as possible. Fig. B43. 

g. Back with Head Down. The hack 
hang with the body and lower limbs ex- 
tended upward. Fig. B44. 

h. Upper Arm. With weight of the 
body supported by the upper arms, the 
hands may or may not be grasping. Figs. 
B45 and B46. 

(a) Front. With the arms ex- 
tended forward. Fig. B46. 

(h) Back. With the arms extended 
backward. Fig. B47. 
i. Elbow. With the weight of the body 
supported by the elbows and may be either : 



60 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



61 



(a) Front Elbow Hang. Body fac- 
ing the apparatus. Fig. B48. 

(h) Back Elbow Hang. Body fac- 
ing away from the apparatus. Fig. 
B49. 
J. Leaning. With the weight of the 
body supported by one or both hands (el- 
bows below the apparatus) and part of 
one or both lower limbs as, knee, toe and 
heel leaning hangs, and may be : 

(a) Front. Front of body toward 
apparatus. Fig. B50 {a, b, c and d). 

(b) Bach. Back of body toward 
apparatus. Fig. B51. 

Ti. Hock. From one or both knees with- 
out the aid of the hands. Fig. B52. 

I. Toe. From the toes of one or both 
feet without the aid of the hands. Fig. 
B53. 

m. Heel. From the heels of one or both 
feet without the aid of the hands. Fig. 
B54. 




Fig. B52 



Fig. B53 



Fig. B54 



62 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



FigS ^^ 




ffi^ B ^' 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 63 

(2) Cross. A hang in cross position with the 
grasp as indicated. (See Grasps, pages 43-46.) 

a. Ordinary. With the arms straight. 
See Figs. BIO, Bll and B12, page 44. 

&. Gross Arm. With the arms crossed. 
Fig. B55. 

c. Bent Arm. With the arms flexed. 
Fig. B56. 

d. Front. With the thighs flexed and 
feet to the apparatus. Fig. B57. 

e. Front with Head Down. With the 
body and lower limbs extended upward. 
Fig. B58. 

/. Bacli:.. Reached by passing the lower 
limbs and body between the arms and turn- 
ing over as far as possible. Fig. B59. 

g. Upper Arm. With the weight of the 
body supported by the upper arms; the 
hands may or may not be grasping. 
(a) Front. Fig. B60. 
(h) Back. Fig. B61. 





Fig. B60 Fig. B61 



64 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




rig.B^i> FisBi>7 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



65 



h. Leaning. With the weight supported 
by one or both hands (elbows below the ap- 
paratus) and part of one or both lower 
limbs as knee, toe, or heel leaning hangs 
and may be, 




(a) Front. Fig. B62. 
(h) Back. Fig. B63. 

6. Miscellaneous Positions. 

(1) SJioulder Balance. "With the body and 
lower limbs extended upward, the weight of the 
body supported on one or both shoulders, the bal- 
ance maintained by the hands. Shoulder halance 
on one shoulder is always so indicated. Fig. B64 
(a and h). 

(2) Hand Balance. Same as sJioulder hal- 
ance, except that weight of the body is supported 
on one or both hands, arms bent or straight. 
The hent arm and the one hand balance are al- 
ways so indicated. Figs. B65, B66. 

(3) Forearm Balance. Same as shoidder 
halance, except that the weight of the body is 
supported on one or both forearms. Forearm 
halance on one arm is always so indicated. Fig. 
B67. 



66 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 67 

(4) Lever. "With the body and lower limbs 
extended and held in a horizontal position, and, 
unless otherwise indicated, is a hang. 

a. Front. "With front of body toward 
the apparatus. Fig. B68. 

h. Back. With back of body toward 
the apparatus. Fig. B69. 

c. Half. With the thighs flexed, to 
right angles to the body, the latter being 
in any Hang or Rest. Fig. B70. 

d. Side. With the side of the body to- 
ward the apparatus. Side lever on one arm, 
is with the supporting arm passing from 
lower shoulder across the back, as in Fig. 
B71 or in front of the body. 

e. Elbow. A front lever above the ap- 
paratus, the trunk resting on one or both 
elbows as may be indicated and is not in a 
hang. Fig. B72. 



68 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 69 



III. MOVEMENTS. 

1. Swings. These are movements in which the body 
describes an are of a circle. 

(1) Forward or Front. In the direction one 
is facing, straight ahead. Fig. B73. 

(2) Backward or Back. The reverse of for- 
ward or front. Fig. B73. 

(3) Hock. A swing in the hock hang. Fig. 
B74. 

(4) Toe. A swing in the toe hang. Fig. 
B75. 

(5) Long Under swing. 

a. On High Bar, from fro7it rest (or 
from any movement through the rest). The 
body is swung backward, letting the shoul- 
ders drop behind and below the bar, the 
individual swinging forward with straight 
arms. Fig. B76. 



70 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




-- _> 



f /£ B 7? 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 7! 

h. On Low Bar (from front rest or 
stand). The body is dropped as on the 
high bar, but the thighs are flexed so that 
the feet clear the floor as the body passes 
under the bar and are extended after it has 
passed under, so that they are in line with 
the vertical axis at the end of the front 
swing. Fig. B77. 

c. On the Parallel Bars. From cross 
stand either at the end of or in the middle 
of bars or from a side stand at side of bars, 
or from cross rest, the movement is the 
same as on the loiv har. Fig. B78. 

(6) Drop Swing. (Drop back.) From front 
rest drop backward, arms straight, flexing thighs 
and raising feet to bar, coming to hang with feet 
to the bar. Maintain this position and continue 
to swing. This may also be done on low bar or 
parallel bars from rest or stand. Fig. B79 (a 
and h). 



72 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 73 

(7) Short Under swing. 
a. On High Bar. 

(a) To the floor. From front rest 
or from any movement passing through 
the front rest, drop back as in the drop 
swing and as the feet tend to leave the 
bar, extend the thighs quickly, letting 
go of the bar when or before the thighs 
are fully extended. Fig. B80. 

(h) And swing back. Proceed as 
before, but retain the grasp and swing 
back with the body straight and thighs 
extended. 

h. On Low Bar. 

(a) From front rest, as on high bar. 

(h) From stand. By a jump to 
front rest, or free rest, or just enough 
to clear the floor, flexing thighs im- 
mediately and proceeding as from rest. 
Fig. B81. 



74 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




T/c B sa. 



■— -'','' 



Fig Bf^ 





EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 75 

(8) Upstart. A rise to rest from the end of a 
front or back swing, usually involving a thigh 
flexion and extension as described below. 



a. On High Bar. 
(a) Front. 

(1) Ordinary. A rise to front 
rest from the end of a front swing 
by flexing the thighs (feet to the 
bar) and then extending them 
forcibly, arms straight. Fig. B82. 

(2) Drop. An upstart from 
the drop swing, see III, 1, (6), 
page 71. Fig. B83. 

(3) Quick (Chest heave). A 
rise to front rest from a jump or 
a hang by quickly arching the 
back, throwing chest forward and 
immediately following with a 
quick flexion and extension of the 
thighs without raising the feet to 
bar. Fig. B84. 

(4) Short. Flex the thighs 
(feet to the bar) and rise to front 
rest by extending the thighs forci- 
bly without a swing. Fig. B85. 



76 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



77 



(b) Back. 

(1) Ordinary. A rise to back 
rest by flexing the thighs at the 
end of the front swing and pass- 
ing them between the arms and 
under the bar, swinging back- 
ward in the back hang with head 
down and forcibly extending 
thighs near the end of the forward 
swing, rising to back rest, Fig' 
B86. 




^'g3s% 



May also be executed by flexing 
the thighs and passing legs be- 
tween the arms at the end of the 
back swing and rising to back 
rest on the next forward swing. 

(2) Quick. A rise to back 
rest from a jump and without a 
preliminary swing. Fig. B87, 

(3) Still. From the position 
of back hang with head down and 
thighs flexed and coming to back 
rest without a swing. Fig. B88. 



Note. — The Back Upstart may also be executed from a heel lean- 
ing hang or from a swing in the back hang with the head down 
and thighs flexed. 



78 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




nsS^o 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 79 

6. On Low Bar. 
(a) Front. 

(1) Ordinary. A rise to front 
rest from a stand by flexing the 
thighs, bringing the feet to the 
bar, swinging forward in this 
position and extending the thighs 
forcibly on the back swing. Fig. 
B89. This upstart may also be 
done at the end of a long under- 
swing. 

(2) Drop. Same as on the 
high bar, page 75. 



(h) Back. 

(1) Ordinary. Same as on the 
high bar but preceded by a long 
Tinderswing, page 77. 

(2) Quick. From a stand 
flexing thighs quickly bringing 
feet between the arms and below 
the bar and proceeding as on the 
high bar. Fig. B90. 

(3) Still. Same as on high 
bars, page 77. 



80 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




r-s- e 




r>s B->3 



r,o B9V 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 81 

c. On Parallel Bars. 

(1) Ordinary. Unless other- 
wise indicated is a rise to cross 
rest by flexing and extending 
thighs at the end of the front 
swing in the upper arm hang. 
Fig. B91. 

(2) Drop. An upstart from 
the drop hack, at the end of front 
swing to upper arm hang with 
thighs flexed and hips above bars. 
Fig. B92. (See Drop Back, page 
71.) 

(3) Drop Between the Bars. 
Action same as for drop upstart 
on the horizontal bar. (Page 75.) 

(4) Quick. A rise to cross 
rest at end of front swing m 
upper arm hang, without flexing 
thighs. Fig. B93. 

(5) Between the Bars. A rise 
to cross rest at the end of short 
or long underswing as described 
for the low bar. Fig. B94. 



82 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




Fig. B96 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



83 



(9) Uprise. A direct rise to rest from the 
end of a back swing; usually not involving a 
thigh flexion and extension. 

a. On High Bar. A rise to front rest 
at the end of the back swing. Fig. B95. 

&. On Parallel Bars. A rise to cross rest 
at end of a back swing in the upper arm 
hand. Fig. B96. 

c. On Flying Rings. Same as on the 
high bar and may be executed at the end of 
both the front and the back swing of the 
rings. 

(10) Drop Back. On the parallel bars, a 
movement from rest, drop back to upper arm 
hang at end of back swing. Fig. B97. When 
done with front swing the thighs are flexed as 
far as possible. Fig. B98. 




f^igBf? 




fisB^i 



84 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




'"'sB-j^r-- 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 85 

2. Circles. 

(1) Of the lody. 
a. Giant. 

(a) Full. Circles about the hori- 
zontal bar at arm's length from it. i'^ig. 
B99. 

(})) Half. Same as the full except 
that the arms are flexed, but only when 
above the bar. 

h. Small. Made in the rest positions 
without arms flexed. ]\Iay also be execu- 
ted by springing from the floor and com- 
ing to a front or cross rest position or to 
the floor, at the end of the circle. The front 
or back of thighs are kept close to the bar. 



(a) Back. Executed from 
front rest or from the floor. 
Fig. BIOO. 
1 rig3">i> 

(h) Front. Executed from 

back or front rest to back or 
front rest. Figs. BlOl, B102. 




86 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



Fie. Bi'>1 




■---4.' 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS .87 

c. Free. Executed without touelimg 
the apparatus with the body. 

d. Knee. Made with the grasp of one 
or both knees and one or both hands. Fig. 
B103. 

e. Seat. Made in any seat with or with- 
out thigh flexion, hands grasping. Fig. 
B104. 

/. Hock. Made with the grasp of one 
or both knees, without the aid of the hands. 
Fig. B105 

g. Foot, Heel or Toe. Made with the 
aid of one or both hands and with one or 
both feet, heels or toes of one or both feet 
against the bar. Figs. B106, B107. 

Ji. Tipper Arm. Executed with the 
weight supported on the upper arm, fore- 
arms flexed, hands may or may not be 
grasping. Fig. B108. 

^. Forearm. Executed from the fore- 
arm-rest position, flexing thighs and legs, 
grasping back of thighs near the knees with 
the hands. Fig. B109. 




Fig. BIOS Fi«r. B109 



88 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 89 

j. Fly Away. A somersaul't at the end 
of a swing at arm's length, 

(a) Front. A back somersault ex- 
ecuted at the end of the front swing. 
Fig. BllO. 

(h) Bach. A front somersault ex- 
ecuted at the end of the back swings 
Fig. Bill. 

(c) Quick. A back somersault from 
hang without swing by quickly flexing 
thighs and legs or thighs only. 

Tx. Drop. A movement from a rest, seat 
or hanging position, the performer alight- 
ing on his feet and may be : 

(a) Backward from the back rest 
or side seat position, the individual 
arches his back and drops backward^ 
head foremost, flexes the thighs sharply 
and alights on his feet. Hands may or 
may not be grasping. Fig. B112. A 
back somersault can be executed from 
the side seat. 



90 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 91 

(b) Forward, from the front rest 
position the body is bent forward at 
the hips, the thighs then extended 
sharply, the individual alighting on his 
feet. Hands may or may not be 
grasping. Fig. B113. 

(c) Hock. From a hock hang with- 
out a swing. Fig. B52, page 61. 

(d) Toe. From a toe hang without 
a swing. Fig. B53, page 61. 

(2) Of the Legs. Movements of the lower 
limbs as described under Calisthenics, IV, 4 (9), 
page 31. 

a. Half. The leg or legs are carried 
from one side of the apparatus to the other. 
Fig. B114. 

h. Full. One or both legs describe a 
complete circle. Fig. B115. 

c. Single. One leg describes either a 
half or full circle. 



Note. — These circles are named as to direction, from the clock 
placed at the left end of the bar and facing it. Forward, Is in the 
direction in which the hands move ; hackward, in the reverse direc- 
tion. Combinations, such as knee and toe circle, will suggest them- 
selves. 



92 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




f:<> B in 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 93 

d. Double. Both legs simultaneously 
describe either a half or full circle. Figs. 
B116, B117, B118. 

Note. — For directions see thigh circumduction in Calisthenics, 
page 31, (9). Abbreviations for writing and naming these circles 
are as follows : — 

R. % right — right leg, i/o circle to right; 
R. %• left — right leg, % circle to left ; dou- 
ble 1/2 right — both legs, l^ circle to right; 
R. right — right leg, full circle to right; R.. 
left — right leg, full circle to left ; double 
right — both legs, full circle to right. Cir- 
cles for left leg, substitute L for R. 

e. Feint. A movement similar to the 
3/2 circle, the leg is circled about the arm 
of the same side, but instead of passing 
under the hand is immediately returned to 
its starting po.sition. It is used as a pre- 
liminary to other movements and the leg is 
swung as nearly as possible in the lateral 
plane. 

(a) Eight, is with right leg; left, is 
with the left leg. When not otherwise 
indicated the movement is from a front 
rest position. 



94 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 95 

(1) Front. Executed in the direc- 
tion one is facing. Figs. B119, B121 
(a and h). 




Fi^'iiif 



(2) Back. Opposite of front. Fig. 
B120. 

(&) Double Eight, is with both legs 
about right arm. Double left, is with 
both legs about the left arm. Fig. B121 
(0). 

f. Scissors. A simultaneous adduction 
of both thighs past the median line of the 
body, accompanied by a quarter or half 
turn of the body and coming to a riding 
position. 

(a) Front. Performed at the end 
of or during a front swing. Fig. B122. 



96 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 97 

Cb) Back. Performed at the end 
of or during a back swing. Fig. B123. 

(c) Scissors witJiout Turn of Body. 
Performed from the side riding seat 
(or rest) on the horse by swinging the 
legs sideways and changing their posi- 
tion simultaneously. In such cases, 
they are designated forivard scissors 
when the upper leg moves forward, and 
backward scissors when the upper leg 
moves backward. They are also desig- 
nated as right when the swing is to the 
right, and left when the swing is to the 
left. Fig. B124. 

Note. — The scissors are also designated as right or left, accord- 
ing to the direction of the turn of the trunk. 

g. Screw Circles. Leg circles from a 
front or back rest or from any of the ridmg 
seats, coming to either a riding position or 
immediately dismounting, accompanied by 
Si y^, y2, }i. ov full turn of the body. Dur- 
ing these circles the performer travels from 
one part to or over another part of the 
apparatus. 



98 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 






FigB /''■7 



' EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 99 

(1) Front. 

(a) Half. The leg describes a half cir- 
cle. Fig. B125. 

(h) Full. The leg describes a full cir- 
cle. Fig. B126. 

(2) Back. Fig. B127. 

(1) Half. 

(2) Full. 

Note. — Directions same as for leg circles. 

3. Yaults. a vault is a spring over an apparatus, 
from one or both feet with aid of one or both 
hands. 

(1) Flank. The body is raised sideways to a 
horizontal position, the side of the body being 
toward the apparatus when passing over it. Fig. 
B128 (low flank vault left). 




Fig. 128 



100 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,g I/^f 





''•g'2j3o 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



101 



(2) Front. The body is raised sideways to 
or above the horizontal, making a quarter turn 
toward the apparatus in the rise, the front of the 
body being toward the apparatus while passing 
over it. Fig. B129. 

(3) Back. The body rises sideways with a 
quarter turn away from the apparatus, the 
thighs being half flexed at the same time, the 
back of the thighs being toward the apparatus 
while passing over it. 

(a) Single. When executed once over 
any part of the apparatus. Fig. B130. 

Cb) Double. When executed twice over 
one part of the apparatus or once each over 
> two parts before dismounting. Fig. B131. 

(c) Triple. When executed three times 
over one or more parts before dismounting. 
Fig. B132. 




102 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,gdl3^ 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



103 



(4) Squat. The thighs and legs are flexed to'* 
the fullest extent between the arms while passing 
over the apparatus and may be: 

a. Forward. Fig. B133. 

h. Backward. Executed by making a 
half turn of the body and going over the 
apparatus backward. 

(5) Sheep. Same as squat, but the legs only 
are flexed. Fig. B134. 

(6) Wolf. One thigh and leg are in the 
squat position, the other limb is extended to its 
own side. Fig. B135. 

(7) Thief. A spring is made from one foot 
as for an ordinary leap, but the thighs are quickly 
flexed and feet placed forward in the rise and the 
hands placed on the apparatus as the body passes 
over it. Fig. B136. 




104 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



f'gaijf 



w r,p-£ I2S 




Fio 3 / v o 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 



105 



(8) Screw. A vault with a continuous three- 
quarter turn of the body in the reverse direction' 
of the side to which the vault is made, thighs 
fully extended throughout. When the body has 
been carried to the horizontal position above the 
horse it has made a half turn and is facing the 
near side of the apparatus, the remaining quar- 
ter turn being made during the descent on the 
far side. Fig. B137. 

(9) Straddle. The thighs are abducted while 
passing over the apparatus and may be : 

a. Forward. Fig. B138. 

h. Bad- ward. Executed by making a 
half turn of the body and passing over the 
apparatus backward. Fig. B139. 

(10) Scissors. Over the long horse, long buck, 
etc., is a straddle forward, thighs flexed and feet 
placed forward in the rise, with a quarter or a 
half turn of the body, to a stand to the side of or 
opposite the far end of the apparatus. May be 
right or left, depending upon the turn of the 
body. 

Forward. Figs. B140, B141. 
Backward. Fig. B14:2. 





Note. — The direction for vaults (1). (2), (.3), (G) and (S) are 
determined as follows : AVhen executed toward the right or left side 
of the body thev are right or left vaults. 



106 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




fig:B/'/-^ 





p Fig-d/"^^ 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 107 

L Miscellaneous Movements. 

(1) Approach. The advance to the appara- 
tus. It is started from an indicated point at a 
convenient distance from the near side (or end) 
and includes all movements up to the time the 
feet leave the floor. 

(2) Retreat. The march from the apparatus, 
and includes all movements from the time the 
feet touch the floor on the dismount until the 
performer passes a specific point. 

(3) Mounts. A mount is a spring from the 
floor, alighting upon the apparatus to any of the 
positions already described. Hands may or may 
not assist. 

a. Vault. Vault movements, alighting 
upon the apparatus, hands assisting, and 
executed like the beginning of a vault as 
Flank (Fig. B143). Front, Back, Squat 
(forward or backward), Wolf, Sheep, Thief, 
Screw, Straddle and Scissors. 

h. Needle. A movement on the side 
horse as follows: Needle 7nount right is a 
movement in which the right thigh and 
leg are flexed (squat position) and passed 
forward over the croup, around the right 
arm and over the saddle, the left leg at the 
same time is swung over the croup to the 
far side ; the mount is finished by alighting 
in a riding seat in saddle. Fig. B144. 

Note. — Direction for the above mounts is same as for vaults. 



108 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 





EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 109 

c. Knee. A movement in the side hang 
in which the thighs are flexed at the end 
of a front swing (as for an upstart), the leg 
or legs then passed under and over the bar, 
grasping it with the hocks, rising to a rid- 
ing position on the bar. 

(a) Single. With one leg passing: 

(1) Between the hands. Fig. 
B145. 

(2) To the outside of either 
hand. 

(h) Double. With both legs pass- 
ing simultaneously: 

(1) Between the hands, Fig. 
B146, 

(2) To the outside of either 
hand, 

(3) One leg between and the 
other outside of hands, 

(4) Each leg to the outside of 
the hand on its own side (straddle 
movement). 

d. Mounts without the hands assisting. 
From the floor to any position on the ap- 
paratus as a jump, hop, step or leap. 

Note.— Nomenclature for jump, hop, step and leap will be found 
under mat work and tumbling, Section C, page 115. 



no 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



P.g 2"f( 




EXERCISES ON APPARATUS. HI 

(4) Dismounts. Movements from a position 
on the apparatus to the floor and are designated 
as follows : 

a. Vault. Dismounts executed like the 
finish of the vaults already described. Fig. 
B147 (front dismount). 

&. Forward. A movement forward to 
the floor. 

c. Backward. A movement backward to 
the floor. 

d. Hock. A dismount at the end of a 
swing in the hock hang and may be : 

(a): Fro7it. Dismount at the end of 
the forward swing. Fig. B149. 

(h) Back. Dismount at the end of 
the backward swing. Fig. B148. 

(c) Still. Dismount without a 
swing, sometimes called "snap-off." 
Fig. B150. 




fi g S 1^0 



112 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 





Fig- 2 IS'^ 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 113 

e. Short Underswing. Same as the 
movement from the high bar to the ground, 

(5) Traveling. Exercises in which the in- 
dividual makes progress on the apparatus either 
forward, backward, or to either side. 

(6) Vault Swing. A vault movement, from 
one to another part of the apparatus. Fig. B151 
represents a back vault swing. When followed 
immediately by a dismount it is a "vault swing 
dismount." Directions same as for leg circles. 

(7) Dive. A spring from both feet, the body 
going over the apparatus head first, the alighting 
being upon the hands and shoulders and fol- 
lowed by a forward roll. Fig. B152. 

(8) Pike Jump. A dive over an apparatus, 
but the alighting is made by placing the hands 
on the shoulders of an individual standing on the 
far side and who places his hands against the 
chest and below the shoulders of the performer. 
Fig. B153. 




''■e 3 isj 



114 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



(9) Cut-off. A straddle movement of the 
thighs over one or both arms, hands releasing 
grasp, accompanied by a half or full body circle 
from a hang and may be : 

a. Back. With a body back circle strad- 
dling one or both arms. Fig. B154, 

h. Front. Thighs are flexed as for an 
upstart, the body is then circled forward, 
the legs straddling one or both arms. Fig, 
B155. 

c. Cut-off and Catch. Same as (6), 
hands immediately regrasping without the 
feet touching the floor. 



-- - •^ •-. 




^/g- 3 jfi- 




f^i^.d /sr 



C. MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 

MAT WORK. 

I. GENERAL TERMS. 

By mat work is meant such exercises as jumps, 
hops, runs, walks, etc., executed on mats. 

II. DIRECTIONS. 

For directions see "Of Other Movements," page 4. 

III. MOVEMENTS. 

1. Jump. Springing from both feet and 
landing on one or both feet. 

2. Rop. Springing from one foot and land- 
ing on same foot. 

3. Leap. Springing from one foot and land- 
ing on both feet. 

4. Step. Leaving the mat from one foot and 
landing on the other, and may be either a walk- 
ing or running step. 

Note. — These movements may be executed in any direction and 
may be preceded by a walk or a run. 



116 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



5. Frog Jump. A movement in which the in- 
dividual dives, landing on his hands, immediately 
flexes thighs and legs, and brings feet up to 
hands ; knees may or may not be brought between 
arms. 




a. Forward. Fig. CI. 
ft. Backward. In this movement the 
starting position is from a knee bend rest. 
The movement is then begun by extending 
thighs and legs, passing through a front rest 
position and bringing the hands immediately 
back to the feet as in the original starting 
position. 
6. Hand and Foot Travel. A movement in 
which progress is made in any direction by using 
the hands and feet for locomotion. May be a 
walk or run with front of body or back toward 
the mat. Fig. C2. 





Fie. C 2 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 117 

7. Leap Frog. A movement in which one in- 
dividual executes a straddle vault over one or 
more individuals. 

a. Forivard. 

b. Backward. 



TUMBLING. 

I. GENERAL TERMS. 

In contradistinction to mat work the exercises in 
tumbling consist of upstarts and movements in which 
the individual describes a body circle about any of 
the axes or any plane of the body entirely or partly 
on the mat or free from the mat, with or without the 
aid of a co-worker; also balance movements. 



II. DIRECTIONS. 

See directions for circles in Gymnastic Nomencla- 
ture, page 3. 



118 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

III. MOVEMENTS. 

A. Individual, i.e., without the aid of a co-worker. 
1. Body Circles. 

(1) Rolls. A circle executed by rolling on 
the mat with or without the aid of hands about 
the horizontal axis in the antero-posterior plane. 




a. Forward. Fig. C3. 
h. Backward. 



Note. — The hands may be placed, either at the beginning or at 
the end of or at both the beginning and the end of the movement, 
on the mat, hips, knees, overhead, behind back, between the legs, 
grasping the toes, etc. The thighs and legs are kept flexed through- 
out the exercise. In the more advanced form of executing the back 
roll, the thighs and legs are extended and the performer passes 
through a hand-balance movement. 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 



119 



(2) Dive. In this exercise no apparatus 
other than the mat is used. Fig. B152, page 112. 

a. For distance. 
&. For height. 

(3) Hand and Head Spring. A circle ex- 
ecuted by springing from one or both hands, from 
one or both feet, and from the head, and landing 
on one or both feet. The hands, head and feet 
only coming in contact with the mat. 

b 




n e c V 

a. Forward. Fig. C4. 

1). Backward. 
(4) Hand Spring. A circle executed by 
springing from one or both hands, from one or 
both feet, and landing on one or both feet. The 
hands and feet only coming in contact with the 
mat. 

a. Forivard. Fig. C5. 

h. Backward. Fig. C6. 




r,gc f 




120 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

a _ t 





MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 121 

(5) Bead Spring. A circle executed by 
springing from the head, from one or both feet, 
and landing on one or both feet. The head and 
feet only coming in contact with the mat. Fig. 
C7. 

Note. — Nos. 3, 4 and 5 may be executed from a run or stand. 

(6) Somersault. A circle executed by spring- 
ing from one or both feet and landing on one or 
both feet. The feet only coming in contact with 
the mat. 

a. Fortvard. Fig. C8. 
h. Backward. Fig. C9. 

, Upstarts. IMovements similar to the ordinary up- 
start on the apparatus in the quick thigh flexion 
and extension ; may be executed with or with- 
out the aid of the hands. 

(1) Ordinary. 

a. With use of hands. Executed by roll- 
ing backwards, flexing thighs and raising 
hips from the mat, at the same time placing 
hands on mat near shoulders, then extend- 
ing thighs forcibly (as in upstart on appa- 
ratus), at the same time pushing with hands 
and coming to a stand. May be executed 
by placing hands on thighs instead of over- 
head on the mat. Fig. CIO. 



122 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

This exercise may also be executed from 
the following positions: 

1. From head balance. 

2. From hand balance. 

3. From forearm balance. 

When executed from either of these posi- 
tions the individual rolls forward to a posi- 
tion on neck and shoulders, flexing thighs 
at the same time and executing an upstart 
to stand. 

h. Without use of hands. Same as or- 
dinary except that the hands are not used. 
Hands may be held at side horizontal, over 
head or folded on chest. 

(2) Still. Similar to ordinary upstart ex- 
cept that hips are not raised from mat. Thighs 
flexed at right angles ; should be executed from a 
stationary position. Fig. Cll. 

(3) Drop Back. Assume the full knee bend 
position. Spring back (as for back-hand spring) 
and land on hands and shoulders, then upstarf to 
stand. Fig. C12. 




MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 



123 



3. Balance Movements. Of the performer on the 
mat. 

(1) Head Balance. Same as hand balance, 
except that weight of body is supported by head 
and with or without hands. 

(2) Forearm Balance. Fig. B67, page 64. 

(3) Hand Balance. Fig. B65, page 64. 

B. Double, i.e., movements with the aid of a co- 
worker. The two men involved are the performer 
(top man) who executes the movements, and the 
thrower (under man) who assists the performer. 
1. Vaults. 

a. Forward. 

(a) The performer assumes a stride stand 
position facing the thrower, who places his 
hands between the performer's thighs. The 
performer places his hands on the thrower's 
head or shoulders and leaps forward assisted 
by the thrower. Fig. C13. 




FiK. C 13 



124 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

Note.— The same movement can be executed, the thrower stand- 
ing with his left or right side toward the performer and placing 
his left or right hand, between the performer s thighs. . 

(h) The performer assumes a supine posi- 
tion, with the thighs and legs flexed and 
spread. The thrower faces and places his 
left foot between the legs of the performer, 
grasps with his right and left hands the same 
hands of the performer. The hands will be 
crossed with the right above. The performer 
then springs upward and forward executing 
a straddle vault over thrower. Fig. C14. 
This movement may be modified as follows: 




MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 125 

(1) The thrower may remain with 
his left side toward the performer 
throughout. 

(2) The thrower may make a half 
turn to right as the performer springs. 

(3) Same as (2) except that the 
performer vaults betw^een the arms and 
over the head of thrower. 

, Backward. 

(a) The performer assumes the position 
of "attention" with his back toward the 
thrower. The thrower grasps the hand of the 
performer who jumps upward, flexes thighs 
and legs and vaults backward between 
the arms and over the head of the throw^er. 
Fig. C15. 




§ Cys- 



126 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F'g. C i S» 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 127 

2. Body Circles. 

(1) Hand Springs. The thrower lying on his 
back with thighs flexed as in upstart. 

a. Forward. 

(a) The performer faces and stands 
in front of and close to the flexed thighs 
of the thrower, bends forward and 
grasps the thrower's shoulders. The 
thrower also grasps the shoulders of the 
performer, places his feet either side of 
the groin of the performer, who springs 
forward as in a hand spring, and is then 
kicked forward to a stand on mat. Fig. 
C16. 

(h) The same can be done by the 
two individuals grasping only hands in- 
stead of shoulders. Fig. C17. 

(c) Also done by the aid only of the 
thrower's feet, the performer placing 
his hands on the thrower's knees or 
ankles as he springs forward. Fig. C18. 



128 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




f,p- C3.( 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 129 

{d) A hand spring can be execu- 
ted if the thrower stands in front of 
and faces the performer. The thrower 
then places his head between the legs 
of the performer, who places his hands 
on the thrower's back and springs for- 
ward as for a hand spring ; the thrower 
assists by a timely lift in tossing the 
performer to a stand through a forward 
hand spring. Fig. C19. 

(e) From a stride stand on throw- 
er's shoulder. The performer stands on 
shoulders of the thrower, whose hands 
he grasps, and then makes a hand 
spring to mat. Fig. C20. 

(2) Somersaults. Both the thrower and the 
performer standing. (Leg and thigh lifts.) 

Note. — In this group we begin witii the backward body cir- 
cles, because they are not so difficult as those forward. 

a. Backward. 

(a) The performer stands on one 
foot and flexes other thigh, which is 
grasped by the thrower, who uses it as 
a lever in assisting the performer in 
executing the somersault. The thrower 
may stand either at the side of or in 
front of the performer. Fig. C21. 



130 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 131 

(h) The thrower assumes a stride 
stand position, with the fingers of both 
hands interlocked and held in front of 
thighs. The performer steps with one 
foot into the locked hands of the 
thrower, extends that leg to full length, 
arches backward and at the same time 
the thrower by a timely lift tosses the 
performer through a back circle to a 
stand. This is sometimes known as the 
"Pitchback." Fig. C22. 

(c) The performer and thrower in 
stride stand position facing each other ; 
the thrower thrusts his arms between 
the legs of the performer, who then 
springs as for back somersault and is 
tossed over by the thrower. Fig. C23. 



h. Forward. 

(a) The performer stands on one 
foot and flexes the other leg, which is 
grasped by the thrower who stands 
either behind or to the side of the per- 
former and by a timely lift assists the 
performer in executing the somersault. 
Fig. C24. 



132 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 





F^i g' C .Z4) 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 133 

(h) The performer stands in front 
of and with his back toward the thrower 
and with his arms at the sides as in 
"attention." The thrower grasps the 
hands of the performer, who springs as 
for a somersault, and is lifted at the 
proper time by the thrower and assisted 
in executing a forward circle to mat. 
Fig. C25. 

Note. — A backward somersault can be executed from this posi- 
tion if the performer faces the thrower. The performer then holds 
his arms a trifle in front and springs as for a back somersault. 

(c) Position as (b) under (2) a. 
Fig. C22, page 130. The performer, 
however, springs forward as for a for- 
ward somersault and is tossed over the 
head of the thrower and thus executes 
a forward circle. Fig. C26. 

(d) From a stride stand on throw- 
er's shoulders. 

a. Backivard. Same as from 
mat. 

6. Forward. Same as from 
mat. 



134 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,& C ^? 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 135 

(3) Bolls. 

a. Backward. 

(a) The thrower lying on his back 
with thighs flexed as in upstart. The 
performer stands with his back toward 
and close to the thighs of the thrower, 
who places his feet on the buttocks of 
the performer, who then arches back- 
ward and is kicked backward to a stand 
on the mat. The thrower may or may 
not grasp the shoulders of the per- 
former during the movement. Fig. C27. 

(hj The performer is in stride stand 
position with the thrower behind, who 
places his head between the legs of the 
performer. The performer then rolls 
backward and is tossed to a stand on 
mat by the thrower raising up quickly 
at the proper time. Fig. C28. 

(c) The performer astride the shoul- 
ders of and facing the thrower. The 
thrower places his hands on the per- 
former's buttocks, who then arches 
backward and is assisted in making a 
body circle to mat by the thrower, who 
pushes upward against the performer's 
buttocks. Fig. C29. 



136 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



(d) The thrower and performer 
stand back to back. The thrower 
reaches up over his shoulders and 
grasps the hands of the performer, who 
jumps upward and rolls through a back 
circle over the head of the thrower to a 
stand in front. Fig. C30. 

(e) The performer assumes a hand 
balance position with his thighs astride 
the hips of the thrower, who stands with 
his back toward the performer. The 
thrower then presses down on the heels 
of the performer, vvho rolls through a 
back circle over the back of the thrower 
to a stand in front. Fig. C31. 





Fig. C 30 



Fig. C 31 



MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 137 

3. Balance Movements — of the performer on the 
thrower. 

Head and hand balance upon the head, hands 
or shoulders of the thrower, the thrower standing. 

^ (1) Hand Balance. 

(a) On the shoulders of the thrower. 
(h) On the hands of the thrower. 
(c) On the head of the thrower. 

Note. — In (a) the thrower also grasps the shoulders of the 
performer. In (b) the hands of the thrower should be held at full 
length overhead. 

(2) Head Balance. 

(a) On the head of the performer. 
(&) On the hands of the performer. 

NOTK. — Many halnnoe movements ran he executed with the 
thrower lying in a supine position on the mat. 



138 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,g;. C 3^ 




MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 139 



IV. MISCELLANEOUS MOVEMENTS. 

1. Cart Wheel. A body circle about the antero-pos^ 

terior axis in the lateral plane. 

a. Left. Fig. C32. [ 

&. Bight. 

Is executed by bending to the left, placing left hand 
on the floor, at the same time abducting right leg and 
swinging it over head, followed immediately by the 
left leg; the right hand is now placed on the floor, 
the legs swing over to the left side and the right foot 
placed first on the floor followed by the left foot and 
coming to a stand, thus completing a circle in the 
lateral plane. Arms and legs should be kept spread 
throughout so that the hands and feet represent 4 
points of contact — equal distance apart like a wheel 
of 4 spokes. 

2. Back Roll — to head balance with or without using- 

hands. From stand or supine position. 
Fig. C33. 

3. Back Roll — to hand balance. From stand or 

supine position. 



140 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



4. Bach Roll — to prone position. Roll back as in 2 

and 3 without using hands, rolling over left or 
right shoulder, turning head to opposite side, 
arms kept at side horizontals throughout. 

5. Same as 4 except that the arms are kept at the 

side as in attention and the head is not turned 
to one side. 

6. The Toss Between the Legs. The performer assumes 

a supine position, flexes thighs and legs and 
folds his arms tightly across the legs, bringing 
knees close to chin. This position should be 
held rigidly. The thrower then assumes a 
stride stand position facing from and slightly 
in front of the performer, whose heels he 
grasps, lifts up and forward and tosses the 
performer completely over (back circle) to a 
stand. The performer may be tossed by two 
throwers, each standing to one side and grasp- 
ing a heel. Fig. C34. 








MAT WORK AND TUMBLING 



141 



7. Head Throw. The performer stands behind and 
facing the thrower, places his head over either 
the right or left shoulder of the thrower with 
both hands on that shoulder. The thrower 
reaches over with both hands and grasps the 
back of the head of the performer. The per- 
former springs as for a forward hand spring 
and is tossed forward by the thrower to a 
stand. Fig. C35. 




'^'i C 3 



142 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 



8. Toss over Head. The performer stands with his 
back toward the thrower. The thrower then 
grasps the hips of the performer, who jumps 
upward and is tossed backward over the head 
of the thrower through a back circle to stand 
behind the thrower. Fig. C36, 




F. 



S-- ^ '^^ 



D. INDIAN CLUBS 



This nomenclature is for ordinary mass work. The 
nomenclature for movements such as the "snake," 
etc., used in fancy club swinging, is not given. The 
terminology for movements of the upper limbs, as 
described in the earlier pages of the nomenclature, has 
been followed as closely as possible and new terms 
introduced only when necessary. 

It is important to remember that the terms 
"swing," "circle," apply primarily to the move- 
ments of the club and not to the arms, for it is evident 
that the arms must move in order to move the clubs. 
In some cases a swing of the club may involve a swing 
or circle of the entire upper limb. 



I. GENERAL TERMS. 

1. Division of the upper limbs. 

(See page 1.) 

2. Axes. 

(See page 1.) 

3. Planes. 

(See page 2.) 



144 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

II. POSITIONS. 

The starting position for the indian club move- 
ments may be either with — 

1. Clubs held in front of and close to the chest oppo- 

site the shoulders. (This is known as the key 
position.) Fig. Dl. 

2. Clubs held at side horizontals in line with forearm. 

3. Clubs held at front horizontals in line with fore- 

arm. 

4. Clubs held over head in line with forearm. 

5. Clubs held at side of thighs in line with forearm. 
In this nomenclature, it is assumed that all the 

movements are begun from the key position, viz., clubs 
opposite the shoulders and close to the chest. 




Fig. Dl 



INDIAN CLUBS 



145 



III. DIRECTIONS. 

1. For circles (see pages 3, 4, 23). 

2. For swings (see pages 4, 25). 

NoTK. — The direction of any movement is determined by the 
axis about, and the plane in which the club moves. 

IV. CIRCLES. 

Movements in which the club describes a circle. 
1. Arm. The fixed point is at the shoulder, the entire 
upper limb and club describing a circle. 
a. In the lateral plane (about the antero- 
posterior axis). Fig. D2. 
(1) Right. (2) Left. 

&. In the antero-posterior plane (about the 
horizontal axis). Fig. D3. 




146 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




Fig 1> f- 



C^' 




FiQ. ^ 5- 



INDIAN CLUBS 147 

(1) Forward. (2) Backward. 

2. Forearm. The fixed point is at the elbow, the fore- 

arm and club describing a circle. Upper arm 
is moved as little as possible. 

a. In the lateral plane (about the antero- 
posterior axis). Fig. D4. 

(1) Right. (2) Left. 

5. In the antero-posterior plane (about the 
horizontal axis). Fig. D5. 

(1) Forward. (2) Backward. 

Note. — The forearm circles in the antero-posterior plane are not 
used very much. 

3. HancL The fixed point is at the wrist, the hand 

and club describing a circle. The upper arm 
and the forearm are, of course, involved and 
may describe either a swing or circle. 

a. In the lateral plane. 

(1) Right. (2) Left. 



Note. — These hand circles may be in front of hips, behind the 
hips, at side horizontals, overhead, in front of the same or opposite 
shoulder, above and behind the same or opposite shoulder, or be- 
hind and below opposite shoulder, also about the lower extremities. 
Figs. D6 to D22. 



1/8 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




F,g.p cj 



INDIAN CLUBS 



149 




F,s T> 








f.e- 2?// 



r,g: 2) 'S" 




J) /(, 



150 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 






INDIAN CLUBS 



151 



6. In the antero-posterior plane. 
(1) Forward. (2) Backward. 



Note. — These hand circles may be at the shoulder, at the side 
of thighs at front horizontals or overhead. Figs. D23 to D30. 



P-g K iJ 




J) X5- 



152 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 




l^'gJ>3^ 



INDIAN CLUBS 



153 



c. In the horizontal plane. 
(1) Right. (2) Left. 



Note. — These hand circles are executed while the arms are in 
ot passing through the front horizontal position and may be above 
or below the forearm. Fig. D31. 




1 54 G YMNA S TIC NOMENCLA T URE 



V. SWINGS. 

Movements in which the club describes a fraction 
of a circle- 

Note. — Direction same as for circles. 

1. Arm. The fixed point is at the shoulder ; the entire 

upper limb and club moves through a fraction 
of a circle. 

a. In the lateral plane. Fig. D32. 
(1) Right. (2) Left. 
h. In the antero-posterior plane. 
(1) Forward. (2) Backward. 

2. Forearm. The fixed point is at the elbow ; the fore- 

arm and club moves through a fraction of a 

circle. 

a. In the lateral plane. Fig. D33. 

(1) Right. (2) Left. 

3. Hand. The fixed point is at the wrist; the club 

moves through a fraction of a circle. As in 

hand circles, the upper arm and forearm are 

involved to a less or greater degree and may 

describe a swing or a circle. 

a. In the lateral plane. Fig. D34. 

(1) Right. (2) Left. 

Note — These hand swings may be executed in front of the chest, 
4n front of the face, overhead, or behind the head. 



INDIAN CLUBS 



155 





f.p- J>J^ 



156 GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1. Directions. 

a. All single club movements when possible, 
and unless otherwise specified, should begin with 
the left club to the left. 

I. Double movements should begin to the left. 

2. Single. One club only to be used. 

3. Double. Both clubs in the same direction at the 

same time. 

4. Simultaneous. Both clubs at the same time, but in 

opposite directions. 

5. Alternations. To change the direction or move- 

ment of the clubs. 

a. With one club. To alternate Avhen using 
one club means to change the direction or move- 
ment of that club. 

h. With two clubs. To alternate when using 
two clubs means to change the direction or move- 
ments of both clubs at the same time. 

6. Continuous movements. IMovements in which the 

clubs are not brought back to the starting posi- 
tion after the completion of a single evolution, 
but are kept in continuous motion for two or 
more counts and may be single, double or 
simultaneous swings or circles. Example, the 
''windmill." 



INDIAN CLUBS 157 

7. Continuous alternation. (Both clubs are used in the 
exercise.) Alternating movements in which the 
second club starts on its course before the first 
club has completed its movement, thus keeping 
behind the first club in count throughout the 
exercise. These are sometimes called "follow 
movements. ' ' 





ABBREVIATIONS. 


L 




Left. 


R 




Right. 


Single 




One club. 


Double 




Both clubs. 


L L 




Left club to left. 


L E 




Left club to right. 


R R 




Right club to right. 


R L 




Right club to left. 


Double L 


Both clubs to left. 


Double 


R 


Both clubs to right. ■ 


Simultaneous 


L R and R L, Left club to R 






and right club to L. 



APPENDIX 



H^ u 




l=»LA>JES 
A-A-A-A '"= LATERAL PLANE. 
ra-B-B-B * ANTERO-POSTERIOR PLAWC, 

C- C-C-C = HORIZONTAL, PJ-ANE 



AXES 

D-D '^ VERTICAL. AXIS 

e- E. — HORIZONTAL AXIS 

F-_p ^ ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXl6*i 




PLANES 
A-A-A-A V LATERAL- PLANE 
1(5- B-ra-f5, = ANTERO-POSTERIOR .PLANE; 
iC-C-C-^C = WORBZONTAL PLANE 



(E.-(Er 



AXES 
«=i VERTICAL AXIS 
^1 (HORIZONTAL AXIS 
=! ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS. 



\t£Pt rORWARD OQLique 



Ltrt SIDCvyAYS 



LEFT REAR0SLI(5UE 




RIGHT FORWARD OBLIQUE 



niCHTSSIDEWAYS 



Right REAR OBLIQOCl 



J^Jt^ 




m^ 




^tll© 



m 




AXES 

A- A- VELRTICAL AXiS 
B- Fa = HORIZONTAL. AXIS 
C-C= ANTERO- POSTERIOR AXtS. 



If? 




AXES 



A-A •= LONG AXIS 

B- B = SHORT AXIS. 



DEC 3 1908 



